Monday, 15 September 2014
Tuesday, 9 September 2014
1. Present continuous (I am doing)
Present continuous (I am doing)
Grammar In Use
Third Edition
By/ Raymond Murphy
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Units: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-38-39-40-41-42-43-44-45-46-47-48-49-50-51-52-53-54-55-56-57-58-59-60-61-62-63-64-65-66-67-68-69-70-71-72-73-74-75-76-77-78-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88-89-90-91-92-93-94-95-96-97-98-99-100-101-102-103-104-105-106-107-108-109-110-111-112-113-114-115-116-117-118-119-120-121-122-123-124-125-126-127-128-129-130-131-132-133-134-135-136-137-138-139-140-141-142-143-144-145
Units: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-38-39-40-41-42-43-44-45-46-47-48-49-50-51-52-53-54-55-56-57-58-59-60-61-62-63-64-65-66-67-68-69-70-71-72-73-74-75-76-77-78-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88-89-90-91-92-93-94-95-96-97-98-99-100-101-102-103-104-105-106-107-108-109-110-111-112-113-114-115-116-117-118-119-120-121-122-123-124-125-126-127-128-129-130-131-132-133-134-135-136-137-138-139-140-141-142-143-144-145
Monday, 8 September 2014
Saturday, 6 September 2014
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
Do you know when and where the next Olympic Games will be held? D you know how the Olympic Games began?
ANCIENT
The beginning
Three thousand years ago people came from all over Greece to attend a special festival at Olympia. There were celebrations and races. As time passed, the races grew bigger and more events were included, such as wrestling, discus and javelin throwing, and chariot racing. These events were only for men.
A time of peace
The games were held every four years, like they are today. During the games any Greek cities who were at war with each other agreed to stop fighting. As soon as the games finished, they began fighting again!Parades
At the beginning of the games, athletes took part in a parade on the way to the sports stadium. Thousands of people lined the streets to cheer them. A trumpet was used to start each event.
Winner takes all
Only the winner of each event won a prize. Athletes in second and third place got nothing. The winner was awarded a wreath made of laurel leaves to wear round his head.
MODERN
The modern Olympics
The modern Olympics are held every four years and are open to every country of the world. Baron Pierre de Coubertin first had the idea for the modern Olympic Games. He held a planning meeting in Paris in 1894 and two years later, in 1896, the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens. This city was chosen because Greece was the original home of the Olympics. Only twelve countries attended, and took part in the different sports. Many of the competitors just happened to be in Greece at the time and did not go specially for the games!The marathon
The history of the marathon race is very interesting. Many years ago the Greeks of Athens won a great battle at a place called Marathon; which was about 42 kilometres away from the city. A messenger was ordered to take the news of the victory to the city. Although he was already exhausted from the battle, the messenger ran the whole way. As he arrived in the city, he cried out the good news -and then fell down dead! Today marathon runners must still run 42 kilometres from start to finish .The flag
T-he Olympic Flag shows five rings linked together. The rings stand for the five continents -Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australasia. Each ring is a different colour. They are linked together to show that people from all five continents are joined together in peaceful and friendly competition.
The flame
At every opening ceremony, an athlete runs into the stadium carrying the Olympic Flame. The flame is lit at Olympia in Greece and is then carried to wherever the Games are being held. Special torches are used to keep the flame alight. The torch is used to light a big Olympic Flame which is then kept alight all through the Games. It is a great honour to be chosen to carry the Olympic Flame into the stadium and to light the Olympic Flame there.THE PARALYMPIC GAMES
What are they?
The Paralympic Games are like the Olympic Games except that they are for
people with disabilities. They, too, take place every four years. The Paralympic Games started as a small event and got bigger and bigger.
When did they begin?
The first Games were held in 1948 when patients from a hospital in England, competed with other patients from other hospitals. Most of the competitors were in wheelchairs.
The Games get bigger
In 1976 the Games were enlarged to include blind people and people without arms and legs, but it wasn't until 1988 that the Games became really international. For the first time the Games were televised and seen all over the world.
The Games today
Today, over 3,500 atheletes from 100 countries take part in the Paralympic Games. Events include archery, basketball, athletics, swlmming and 'goalball' -a version of football played by blind people.
The history of New York
The history of New York
Where is New York? Do you know anything about its history?
Introduction
New York is the biggest city in the United States of America. More than eight million people live and work in New York. Another ten million people live very near to the city and travel to work there every day. NewYork is one of the most important cities in the world. It is a centre forbusiness.
It is also a centre for music and art. New York has many famous buildings and places of interest. But New York is also exciting and important because of its people. They come from many different countries of the world. Let us look at this unusual city.
The Indians and the Dutch
The first people in New York were the native Americans. They lived on Manhattan Island at the mouth of a river. The island had a beautiful harbour. The native Americans killed animals and then sold their fur.
One day, in 1609, a ship came into the harbour. It was a Dutch ship and its captain was Henry Hudson. He met the native Americans and they sold him some fur.
Hudson returned to the Netherlands. He described the harbour and he showed the fur. After that, many Dutch ships went to Manhattan island to buy fur.
In 1626, one of the Dutch leaders bought Manhattan Island from the native Americans. He gave them about twenty four dollars.
New Amsterdam and New York
Some Dutch people stayed on Manhattan Island and built small houses near the harbour. They called their little town New Amsterdam after the town of the same name in Holland. Other Europeans bought land from the Dutch and built houses there, too. In 1643, about five hundred people
lived in New Amsterdam. They spoke eighteen different languages. Most of them traded with the native Americans.
At that time the English had land on Manhattan Island but they also wanted to control the town and the harbour as well. One day, in 1664, an English ship sailed into the harbour, ready to fight the Dutch. The Dutch handed over the little town to the English. The English changed the name of the town from New Amsterdam to New York.
Independence
In 1775, the English needed money. Many ships sailed from England to North America. Some carried glass. Others carried paper and tea. The English made the people in America, including those in New York, pay a tax on these things. This made them very angry. 'Why must we pay taxes to the government in England?' they asked. The people were so angry that they started a war against the English. They wanted to become free of the English. The War of Independence began in 1776. The Americans had a great leader -George Washington. He became General Washington. Later, he became the first president of the United States of America. The Americans finally beat the English in 1783.
The Immigrants
After the War of Independence in 1776, people came to America from all parts of the world. They wanted to live in the new country. They came by ship to New York. Some ships carried more than a thousand immigrants. At first most of the people who lived in New York were from England and Scotland. Soon many new immigrants came from Germany, Ireland and Italy. Many Jewish people came, too. By 1890, New York had more immigrants than any other city in the world. In one year 1907 -1,285,349 people arrived in New York. Some of the immigrants went to other parts of the United States. But most of them stayed in New York. There were many problems. The immigrants in New York had no money and did not speak English. But usually immigrants from the same country lived close together. They helped each other. These new Americans worked very hard. Today New York has an interesting mix of people and customs.
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