Monday 14 April 2014

I vocabulary



Icon (noun)
an object of extreme devotion.
Raccoons are known for their intelligence and ability to get out of any jam. Their cunning and survival skills make them one of the
icons of the American wilderness. Humans well know that it's nearly impossible to outsmart them and keep them out of garbage cans!
Ideal (noun)
a fervent hope, wish, or goal.
Cervantes's work, a keen critique of the literature of his time, presented the clash between reality and the
ideals which Don Quixote sought to revive, and at the same time originated the theme of the clairvoyance of insanity.
Ideology (noun)

visionary theorizing; the integrated assertions, theories and aims that constitute a sociopolitical program.
England was the world's most industrialized country in 1800, and from England the new industrial machinery, style of work, and
ideology spread to the United States.
Idiosyncrasy (noun)
a peculiar behavior.
Known for having many
idiosyncrasies, Mark Twain’s best work is his novel Huckleberry Finn.
Ignoble (adjective)
having or proceeding from low moral standards.
Former
ignoble President Clinton engaged in an illicit sexual relationship with an intern named Monica Lewinsky.
Illegible (adjective)
undecipherable; not understandable.
The professor was unable to score the student’s essay because of her
illegible handwriting.
Ill-founded(adjective)
having no basis or foundation in fact.
It is important to remember that it was after this battle that the Union soldiers realized that hopes for an easy victory over the south were
ill-founded.
Illumination (noun)
something that serves to explain or clarify.
A moment of great
illumination for a child is when he develops the ability to conceive of things not present to the senses.
Illusion (noun)
an erroneous perception of reality.
Starting with the Retablo de maese Pedro, Cervantes demonstrates a mastery of theatrical
illusion which, absent from part one, becomes another narrative function in part two.
Illustrious (adjective)
widely known and esteemed.
Adams revealed himself as a quintessential Puritan, patriarch of an
illustrious family, tough minded philosopher of the  republic, sage, and sometimes a vain, stubborn, and vitriolic partisan.
Immersion (noun)
the act of someone or something being absorbed or involved.
The learning which occurs in the formal language classroom may be unlike the learning which occurs during
immersion, such that early instruction does not necessarily have the advantage for ultimate performance that is held by early immersion.
Immortality (noun)
endless life after death.
Alchemists searched for an elixir that would produce
immortality.
Immune (adjective)
having a high degree of resistance to a disease.
This "hygiene hypothesis" also holds that a healthy bacterial balance in the intestines is especially important in the  development of a mature
immune system, and the use of probiotic supplements like Lactobacillus GG can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in baby's stomach.
Impairment (noun)
an act, instance, or consequence of breaking.
Multiple Personality Disorder is viewed by some as an extreme level of dissociation, which may result in serious
impairment or inability to function.
Impending (adjective)
about to occur at any moment.
During the 19th century, a few writers who faced
impending financial ruin went on to write some of the greatest books of all time.
Imperceptible (adjective)
so small as to be undiscernible.
Because of this shoaling effect, a tsunami,
imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in height near the coast.
Imperfection (noun)
something that mars the appearance or causes inadequacy of failure.
The fewer the
imperfections found, the rarer and more valuable the diamond becomes.
Impetus (noun)
stimulation or encouragement resulting in increased activity.
The growth of systematic archaeology in China resulted in numerous datable materials, provided tremendous
impetus to the study of Chinese art, with researchers and art historians making great strides, discovering, confirming and re-constructing art in China.
Implication (noun)
a subtle quality underlying or felt to underlie a situation or action.
Johnson and Newport’s assertions have wide ranging
implications for classroom teaching.
Imply (verb)
to convey and idea by indirect, subtle means.
Cooler stars are redder than hotter, bluer stars,
implying that bluer stars must be younger than redder stars.
Impose (verb)
to force another to accept a burden; to take advantage of unfairly.
A speaker may try not to directly
impose by asking for a pen. Instead he would rather it be offered once the teacher realizes he needs one, and you are looking to find one.
Impression (noun)
an idea or thought derived or prompted by a natural tendency or impulse.
The police officer got the
impression to stop the car. Little did he know that he would find more than 50 kilograms in marijuana?
In accordance with (prepositional phrase) so as the state of individuals who are in utter agreement The governor in accordance with the mayor of Los Angeles has decided to increase taxes on its upper class citizens.
Inability (noun)
a lack of physical, mental, financial, or legal power to perform.
Due to his
inability to read fluently, I recommend that he retake his English Literature class.
Inauguration (noun)
the act or process of formally admitting a person to membership or office.
Angelou wrote and delivered a poem, "On The Pulse of the Morning," at the
inauguration for President Bill Clinton at his request.
Incarcerate (verb)
relating to one who is imprisoned.
Because the U.S. prison population is overwhelmingly male, most
incarcerated parents are fathers.
Incentive (noun)
something that causes and encourages a given response.
Aluminum has a high market value and continues to provide an economic
incentive to recycle.
Incessantly (adverb)
continuing or following without interruption.
In spite of how mad it is, even though the global catch of most species is no longer growing, the size and number of fishing boats, lines, nets, pots and traps continues to expand  
incessantly.
Incidentally (adverb)
by chance.
Incidentally, these 6,000 languages are not just a huge jumbled collection, but most of them are related to other languages.
Incline (verb)
to move from true vertical or horizontal.
Although the plane of the Moon's orbit about the Earth is
inclined about 50, its equator is inclined about 6.50, resulting in a 1.50 inclination of the Moon's spin axis to its orbital plane around the Sun.
Inclusion (noun)
a solid, liquid, or gaseous body enclosed within a rock.
In addition to internal
inclusions, surface irregularities are referred to as blemishes.
Inclusive (adjective)
including everything; comprehensive.
A family is the basic unit in society having as its nucleus two or more adults living together and cooperating in the care and rearing of their own or adopted children.
Despite this all-
inclusive definition, a lesbian or gay couple- with or without children-is not the image conjured up when most people create a picture of a family.
Inconceivable (adjective)
not to be believed; difficult to imagine or fathom.
It is
inconceivable that Hitler and his regime were responsible for the deaths of more than six million Jews.
In conjunction with (prepositional phrase)
so as with a combination of events or circumstances.
In Oregon, a private land owner named Ned Livingston burned his acres of forest
in conjunction with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Klamath Lake District of the Oregon Department of Forestry.
Inconsistent (adjective)
following no predictable pattern.
The Ontario report found a probable link between firefighting and cancer even though the evidence was
inconsistent.
Increasingly (adverb)
progressively; more and more.
Because to compete in the emerging global economy, city-states have no choice: they must mobilize all their skills to protect their center cities, grow smarter, protect their air
and water, achieve more social equity, and train their workforce to excel in an
increasingly competitive world marketplace.
Incumbent (noun)
the holder of an office or ecclesiastical benefice.
He lost a race in South Carolina for the only time in his career four years later, when he challenged
incumbent Sen. Olin Johnston for nomination.
Induction (noun)
the act of process of formally admitting a person to membership or office.
The
induction of Roger Staubach, a quarterback for Dallas Cowboys football franchise, into the Hall of Fame was well-deserved.
Inedible (adjective)
not fit to be eaten.
When humans learned to make fire, they had the means to cook plants which had previously been
inedible.
Inertia (noun)
a property of matter by which it remains at rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force.
In the case of the whale, the
inertia of its dense ear bone may hold the bone still while the whale vibrates around it.
Inevitable (adjective)
incapable of being avoided or evaded.
Age took its
inevitable toll on Thurmond as he neared  retirement, and he was guided through the Capitol in a wheelchair.
Infection (noun)
contamination of harmful organisms or extremely destructive or harmful matter.
General causes for primary brain cancer can include a prior head injury,
infections, exposure to chemical toxins such as insecticides and fungicides and exposure to radiation such as microwave or radio frequencies.
Infinite (adjective)
without beginning or end.
Instead it oscillates increasingly rapidly, performing an
infinite number of oscillations in a finite time.
Inflammatory (adjective)
tending to cause an instance of irritating, as of a part of the body.
It is amazing that even individuals who suffer from
inflammatory bowel disease are often unaware of how their digestive system really works.
Inflict (verb)
to cause to undergo or bear, as something unwelcome or damaging.
Physical violence
inflicted on others is an ever-growing epidemic in the United States.
Infrared (adjective)
situated outside the visible spectrum at its red end - used of radiation having a wavelength between about 700 nanometers and 1 millimeter.
The key is the ability of remote-sensing devices to “see” energy in wavelengths not visible to the human eye, for example
infrared bands.
Infringe (verb)
an act in defiance of another person’s rights.
In 1761, John Adams began to think and write and act against British measures that he believed
infringed on colonial liberties and the right of Massachusetts and the other colonies to self government.
Ingenuity (noun)
skill or cleverness in devising or combining; inventiveness.
Ingenuity can help get children walking safely, but in the end tax dollars are needed to build speed bumps, extend curbs or install walk signs that indicate how many seconds people have left to cross the street.
Ingredient (noun)
one of the individual entities contributing to a whole.
Avalanches are formed by a combination of three things that together are known as the "Avalanche Triangle." These three
ingredients may be present in one location but absent 10 feet away. The three legs of the triangle are snowpack, terrain, and weather.
Inhabitant (noun)
one who lives in a place for an extended period of time.
Moon is essentially devoid of water, so no underground supplies could be used by lunar
inhabitants.
Inherit (verb)
to receive property from one who has died; to receive genetic characteristics from a parent.
Another theory is the belief that these disorders can be
inherited through family genes.
Initial (adjective)
at or near the start of a period, development, or series.
There is a special critical
initial strength such that the field cannot decide whether to evaporate away or collapse to form a black hole.
Initiate (verb)
to go about the initial step in doing something.
He was concerned with the load fuel in his forest and decided to thin it out before
initiating the burn.
Inject (verb)
to force or shoot in, such as a liquid.
The venom of a rattlesnake is
injected through fangs which fold back when the mouth is closed.
Injurious (adjective)
causing harm or injury.
In some cases, aggressive and/or self-
injurious behavior may be present.
Innate (adjective)
possessed at birth; of or arising from the most basic structure of an individual.
It has been documented repeatedly that learners achieve better results depending on the age at which they begin to learn a second language. I believe that there is an
innate age-related factor.
Innovation (noun)
a new unusual thing; inventiveness.
Recently, many
innovations in the medical field allow doctors to successfully treat some diseases which were once terminal.
Insanity (noun)
serious mental illness or disorder impairing a person’s capacity to function normally.
His all night and drug binging eventually led him to
insanity.
Inscribe (verb)
to form letters, characters, or words on a surface with an instrument.
The words “We will always remember you.” was
inscribed onto his tombstone.
Insecticide (noun)
a chemical agent which kills insects.
Melathion is an
insecticide used to exterminate insects such as fruit flies and mosquitoes.
Insight (noun)
deep, thorough, or mature understanding; the power to discern the true nature or a person or situation.
Scientists have gained new
insight on a type of low pressure weather center that connects one mesoscale convective vortex to the next.
Insistently (adverb)
so as to compel immediate action or attention.
Why the short story is the most popular form of literature today may be a reflection of the modern way of living that
insistently demands that all current fiction be short.
Insomnia (noun)
habitual sleeplessness.
People may suffer from
insomnia because of extreme stress.
Inspection (noun)
a close of systematic study; the act of examining carefully.
According to World Power Technologies' owner manual, monthly maintenance consists of visual
inspections of the mechanical condition of the turbine, inspecting the tower, and testing the brake. Annual maintenance consists of battery inspections and an up close inspection of the turbine.
Instability (noun)
the quality or condition of being erratic and undependable.
They are very dangerous life-threatening disorders which usually intensify emotional
instability.
Instant (adjective)
occurring immediately.
The Brothers Johnson were an
instant success releasing such hits as Strawberry Letter 23 and the celebratory dance hit, Stomp.
Instigate (verb)
to stir to action or feeling.
There have been recent efforts of
instigating prescribed burning as a means of forest management.
Institution (noun)
the act of founding or establishing.
On the other hand, there are those who decry marriage as a sexist and patriarchal
institution that should be avoided at all costs.
Insurgency (noun)
a condition of revolt against a government that is less than an organized revolution and that is not recognized as belligerency.
The search for the missing troops went on amid a rash of confrontations between Iraqis and U.S. personnel -- one U.S. military official has called it a "classic phase of
insurgency."
Instrumental (adjective)
most important, influential, or significant.
In World War II, penicillin was
instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping speed the recovery of wounds that did not become infected.
Intact (adjective)
untouched, especially by anything that harms or diminishes: entire or complete.
The first American steam engine was not made in America at all, but imported
intact from England.
Integral (adjective)
constituting or forming part of the essence of something.
The years of 1979 and 1980 were
integral in defining mainstream R&B dance music of the early 1980's.
Integration (noun)
the act, process, or result of abolishing racial segregation.
The
integration of African Americans into White only schools during the early 1960's caused widespread protests among segregationists in the South.
Intelligible (adjective)
capable of being readily understood.
Language is a form of speech distinctly different from others (otherwise, we call them dialects of each other), adding for good measure not, or only partially,
intelligible to others without special study.
Intense (adjective)
extreme in degree, strength, or effect.
Intense winter storms, high rainfall amounts, and steep terrain areas are all conducive to land sliding.
Intensive (adjective)
covering all aspects with painstaking accuracy.
At Harvard and in six further years of
intensive reading while he taught school and studied law in Worcester and Boston, he mastered the technicalities of his profession and the  literature and learning of his day.
Iteration (noun)
the action or a process of iterating or repeating; the repetition of a sequence of computer instructions a specified number of times or until a condition is met.
Big Brother Africa is actually the third
iteration of the program; the first two featured South African contestants only and the winners were both white men.
Intercept (verb)
to receive a communication or signal directed elsewhere usually secretly.
U.S. intelligence analysts believe Saddam Hussein is more likely to be alive than dead, a conclusion bolstered in recent weeks by
intercepted communications among Saddam loyalists, The New York Times reported Friday, citing government officials.
Interchange (noun)
the act, process, or an instance of putting each of (two things) in the place of the other.
Although many food plants had traveled halfway around the globe by 1492, not one food crop had crossed the Atlantic Ocean. That is why 1492 is such a crucial date in the history of the world's food supply: Columbus' voyages initiated the
interchange of plants between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, which in effect doubled the food crop resources available to peoples on both sides of the Atlantic.
Interdisciplinary (adjective)
of or between more than one branch of learning.
Cognition and perception graduate students may easily elect to pursue programs of study with an
interdisciplinary breadth. For example, a student with strong interests in aging may participate extensively in the developmental area and the Institute of Gerontology; one attracted to problems in social cognition might work with members of the social psychology program at the Institute for Social Research; and an individual who wished to model problem solving behavior may study with artificial intelligence specialists in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department.
Interfere(verb)
to intervene without good judgment in the affairs of others.
His house was bombed, and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to
interfere with the bus company's operations.
Interminably(adverb)
so as to be endless or tediously long.
While in France, he would sometimes go to the café that James Joyce would frequent, but the
interminably shy Faulkner never mustered the nerve to speak to him.
Intermittently(adverb)
in an irregular and unpredictable manner; at irregular intervals.
To the east of the Armargosa Range is the Armargosa Desert, striated by the wide washes of the Armargosa River which
intermittently flows south from Beatty, Nevada, through Death Valley Junction, curving to the west and then north to enter Death Valley below Jubilee Pass.
Internal(adjective)
located farther in, or within something
Another benefit of exercising is that it increases bone mass. It is important to keep healthy and strong bones because they provide movement and protect our internal  organs.
Internship(noun)
a specific length of time in which a worker (often cases a student) works for a company in order to gain experience.
A person should look for an entry level job, gain experience through
internships, and watch for opportunities of specialized training or advanced education.
Interpolate(verb)
to insert words into a book.
Part one of Cervantes’s book
interpolates peripheral episodes into the main plot.
Intervention(noun)
the act or instance of intruding in other people’s affairs.
With appropriate
intervention, many of the associated behaviors can be positively changed, even to the point in some cases, that the child or adult may appear to the untrained person to no longer have autism.
Intricate(adjective)
complexly detailed; difficult to understand due to intricacy.
The entire small intestine is lined with
intricate sets of muscles, which are never at complete rest.
Intrigue(noun)
a secret plan to achieve an evil or illegal end.
In 1768 he composed his first opera, La Finta Semplice, for Vienna, but
intrigues prevented its performance, and it was first presented a year later at Salzburg.
Intruder (noun)
a person who goes into a building with a criminal intent.
The rattle is the most distinguishing feature of the snake and is a horny section at the end of the tail, which serves to scare off
intruders.
Inversely(adverb)
in an inverted order or manner, as when one quantity is greater or less according as another is less or greater.
In the Pacific Ocean, where the typical water depth is about 4000 m, a tsunami travels at about 200 m/s, or over 700 km/hr. Because the rate at which a wave loses its energy is
inversely related to its wave length, tsunamis not only propagate at high speeds, they can also travel great, transoceanic distances with limited energy losses.
Invincible(adjective)
incapable of being conquered, overrun, or subjugated.
Juan Gil obtained Cervantes's freedom in 1580 in exchange for 500 ducats. Once back in Spain, he became a tax collector for the
Invincible Armada.
Invoke(verb)
bring about, cause.
Our giant impact hypothesis had the advantage of
invoking a stochastic catastrophic event that might happen only to one or two planets out of nine.
Inwardly (adverb)
in the mind or heart; privately; secretly.
She
inwardly keeps her feelings from the rest of her family.
Irregularity(noun)
lack of smoothness or regularity.
To determine a diamond's clarity, an expert views it under 10 power magnifications. In addition to internal inclusions, surface
irregularities are referred to as blemishes.
Irrigate(verb)
to cause a stream to flow over land so as to water it.
These slow moving rivers feed many canals that
irrigate farmlands.
Irritate(verb)
to trouble the nerves or peace of mind of, especially by repeated, needless trouble.
The latter, at first sympathetic to the Mozart’s, later became
irritated by Wolfgang's prolonged absences and stubborn ways.
Isolation(noun)
the quality of state of being alone.
A person who engages in criminal behavior can be differentiated by the quality or quantity of his learning through associations with those who define criminal activity favorable and the relative
isolation from lawful social norms.
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